Melissa Kaplan's
Herp Care Collection
Last updated January 1, 2014

Bibliography of Pain and Analgesia in Herps

Compiled by Melissa Kaplan

Herp Books, Papers and Articles

Arena, P.C.; Richardson, K.C. The relief of pain in cold-blooded vertebrates. Canberra, A.C.T. : Australian Council for the Care of Animals in Research and Teaching; 1990. ACCART News v. 3 (1): p. 1-4; 1990. Includes references. NAL Call. No.: SF405.5.A3

Bennett RA: A review of chemical restraint and anesthesia in reptiles. Journal of Zoo Wildlife Medicine, 22(3):282-303, 1991.

Bennett RA: Fracture management in reptiles. Seminars in Avian and Exotic Pet Medicine, 3(2):108-112, 1994.

Bennett RA. Reptile anesthesia. Seminars in Avian and Exotic Pet Medicine 7(1):30-40, 1998.

Bennett RA: Reptile Anesthesia. In: Kirk RW, Bonagura JD (eds), Current Veterinary Therapy XII, Small Animal Practice. Philadelphia, PA, WB Saunders, Co, pp 1349-1353, 1995.

Bennett RA: Anesthesia. In: Mader D (ed), Reptile Medicine and Surgery, Philadelphia, PA, WB Saunders, Co., pp 241-248, 1996.

Bennett RA: Chemical restraint and anesthesia in reptiles. Proceedings of the Central Veterinary Conference, Kansas City, KS, pp 444-447, 9/95.

Bennett RA: Reptile medicine. Proceedings of the Central Veterinary Conference, Kansas City, KS, pp 456-459, 9/95.

Bennett RA: Pain and analgesia in reptiles and amphibians. Annual Conference Association of Reptile and Amphibian Veterinarians, Kansas City, MO, pp 1-6, 9/98.

Bennett RA: Clinical diagnostic and therapeutic techniques. Annual Conference Association of Reptile and Amphibian Veterinarians, Kansas City, MO, pp 35-40, 9/98.

Bennett RA: Exotic Animal Sessions. 92nd Annual Convention, Colorado Veterinary Medical Association, Snowmass Village, CO, pp 1-48, 9/19-23/98

Bennett RA: Pain and analgesia in reptiles and amphibians. Annual Conference of the American Association of Zoo Veterinarians and American Association of Wildlife Veterinarians, Omaha, NE, 10/17-22/98. pp 461-465

Bennett RA: San Diego Fall Veterinary Program. San Diego Veterinary Medical Association, San Diego, CA, pp 1-19, 11/6-8/98.

Bennett RA: Pet Animal Exotic Track. The Midwest Veterinary Conference, Columbus, OH, pp 27-70, 2/16/99.

Bennett, RA, Schumacher J; Hedjazi-Haring K; Newell SM. Cardiopulmonary and anesthetic effects of propofol administered intraosseously to green iguanas. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1998 Jan 1;212(1):93-8

Bradley T. Recognizing Pain in Exotic Animals. Exotic DVM 3[3]:21-26 Jul'01 Proceedings.

Brenner, G.M., Deason, L. L, Klopp, A.J., and Stevens, C.W. Analgesic potency of alpha adrenergic agents after systemic administration in amphibians J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 270: 540-545, 1994.

Bush, M. Anesthesia and analgesia in laboratory animals. Proceedings 1990 Forum, American College of Laboratory Animal Medicine, Columbia Inn, Columbia, Maryland, May 3-6, 1990. p. 103-105; NAL Call. No.: SF914.A53 1990

Harvey-Clark, C. 1995. Research aspects of anesthesia in Reptilia. Newsletter of the Canadian Association of Laboratory Animal Sciences, January, 42-48.

Heard, DJ. 2000. Reptile Anesthesia. University of Florida Animal Care and Use. .

Hellyer PW, Frederick C, Lacy M, Salman MD, Wagner AE. 1999. Attitudes of veterinary medical students, house officers, clinical faculty, and staff toward pain management in animals. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1999 Jan 15;214(2):238-44

Klingenberg, R. 1999. Pain and analgesia in reptiles. The Vivarium, 10(4):45-48.

LaFortune M, Mitchel MA, Smith JA. Evaluation of Medetomidine, Clove Oil and Propofol for Anesthesia of Leopard Frogs, Rana pipiens. J Herpe Med Surg 11[4]:13-18 Winter'01

Looney, A. 1998. Neurophysiology of Pain and Acupuncture Analgesia (small animal). North American Veterinary Conference 1998 proceedings

Machlin KL. Fish, amphibian, and reptile analgesia. Vet Clin North Am Exot Anim Pract 4[1]:19-33 2001 Jan

Martin BJ. Evaluation of hypothermia for anesthesia in reptiles and amphibians. ILAR Journal 1995 37(4): 186-190.

Pezalla, P.D., and Stevens, C.W., Behavioral effects of morphine, levorphanol, dextrorphan, and naloxone in Rana pipiens. Pharm. Biochem. Behavior 21: 213-217, 1984.

Pollock C. Postoperative management of the exotic animal patient. Vet Clin North Am Exot Anim Pract 5[1]:183-212 2002 Jan

Robertson SA. Analgesia and Analgesic Techniques. Vet Clin North Am Exotic Anim Pract 4[1]:1-18 Jan'01

Stanford University Medical School. Guidelines for Anesthesia, Analgesia, and Tranquilization in Amphibians.

Scientists Center for Animal Welfare (SCAW). Assorted publications.

Stevens, C.W. and Pezalla, P.D., A spinal site mediates opiate analgesia in frogs. Life Sci. 33: 2097-2013, 1983.

Stevens, C.W. and Pezalla, P.D., Naloxone blocks the analgesic action of levorphanol but not dextrorphan in the leopard frog. Brain Research 301: 171-174, 1984.

Stevens, C.W. Pezalla, P.D., and Yaksh, T.L., Spinal antinociceptive action of three representative opioids in frogs. Brain Research, 402: 201-203, 1987.

Stevens, C.W., Opioid antinociception in amphibians, Brain Research Bulletin, 21: 959-962, 1988.

Stevens, C.W. and Pezalla, P.D., Opioid system down-regulation during hibernation in amphibians. Brain Research, 494: 227-231, 1989.

Stevens, C.W., Intraspinal opioids in frogs: a new behavioral model for the assessment of opioid action. In: Problems of Drug Dependence 1990, Harris, L.S., (Ed.), NIDA Research Monograph 105: 561-562, 1991.

Stevens, C.W. and Kirkendall, K., Time course and magnitude of tolerance to the analgesic effects of systemic morphine in amphibians, Life Sciences 52: PL111-116, 1993.

Stevens, C.W., Alan J. Klopp, and J. Anthony Facello. Analgesic potency of mu and kappa opioids after systemic administration in amphibians. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 269: 1086-1093, 1994.

Stevens, C.W., Sangha S. and Ogg, B., Analgesia produced by immobilization stress and an enkephalinase-inhibitor in amphibians. Pharm. Biochem. Behav. 50: 675-680, 1995.

Stevens, C.W. Relative analgesic potency of mu, delta, and kappa opioids after spinal administration in amphibians. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 276: 440-448, 1996.

Stevens, C.W. and Brenner, G.M., Spinal administration of adrenergic agents produces analgesia in amphibians, Eur. J. Pharmacol., 316: 205-210, 1996.

Stevens, C.W., and Rothe, K.S., Supraspinal administration of opioids with selectivity for m -, d - and k -opioid receptors produces analgesia in amphibians, Eur. J. Pharmacol., 331: 15-21, 1997.

Stevens, C.W., A Whole-Animal Alternative for Pain Research, in the Animal Welfare Information Center Newsletter, Vol 8(3):3-5, Winter 1997/1998: AWIC Newsletter

Stevens, C.W. and Newman, L.C., Spinal administration of selective opioid antagonists in amphibians: evidence for an opioid unireceptor. Life Sciences-Pharmacology Letters 64: PDF file

Stevens, C.W., Environmental factors influencing pain physiology in amphibians. In: Environment and Physiology: 38th Annual Conference of the Association of Physiologists and Pharmacologists of India, Mallick, B.N. and Singh, R. (Eds.), Narosa Publishing House, New Delhi, pps. 54-61, 1994.

Stevens, C.W. and Paul, D.J. Opioid analgesia after spinal administration in amphibians: binding and behavioral studies, In: Problems of Drug Dependence 1995, Harris, L.S., (Ed.), NIDA Research Mon., 162: p 222, 1996.

Stevens, C.W. and Willenbring, S., Pain sensation and analgesia in amphibians and reptiles, In: The Biology, Husbandry and Health Care of Reptiles and Amphibians Vols. I,II,III. Ackerman, L. (Ed.), T.F.H. Publications, Neptune City, New Jersey, pp. 309-324, 1997.

Stevens, C.W., Amphibian models of nociception and pain, In: Kavaliers., M.K., Ossenkopp K.-P. and Sanberg, P.R. (eds) Animal Models of Nociception and Pain, R.G. Landes Co., Austin, TX, 1998 (in press).

Willenbring, B. and Stevens, C.W., Thermal, mechanical, and chemical peripheral sensation in amphibians: opioid and adrenergic effects. Life Sciences 58: 125-133, 1996.

Willenbring, B. and Stevens, C.W., Spinal mu, delta, and kappa opioids alter chemical, mechanical and thermal sensitivities in amphibians Life Sciences 61: 2167-2176, 1997.

Wright, KM. Anesthesia of Amphibians. North American Veterinary Conference 1998 proceedings

General Animal Pain/Analgesia Articles

American Veterinary Medical Association Colloquium on recognition and alleviation of animal pain and distress. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 1987; 191(10): 1184-1296.

Amyx HL. Control of animal pain and distress in antibody production and infectious disease studies. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 1987; 191(10): 1287-1289.

Association of Veterinary Teachers and Research Workers Guidelines for the recognition and assessment of pain in animals. Veterinary Record 1986; 118: 334-338

Barnett JL. Measuring pain in animals. Australian Veterinary Journal 1997; 75(12): 878-879

Bateson P. Assessment of pain in animals. Animal Behaviour 1991; 42(5): 827-839

Benson GJ; Thurmon JC. Species difference as consideration in alleviation of animal pain and distress. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 1987; 191(10): 1227-1230

Beynen AC; Baumans V; Bertens APMG; Havenaar R; Hesp APM; Zutphen LFM van. Assessment of discomfort of gallstone-bearing mice: a practical example of the problems encountered in an attempt to recognize discomfort in laboratory animals. Laboratory Animals 1987 21: 35-42.

Booker PD. Assessment and treatment of post operative pain in the neonate. Journal of Veterinary Anaesthesia 1996; 23: 30.

Brain P; Palanza P; Parmigiani S. Evaluating pain and distress in laboratoty animals [suffering]. Scandinavian Journal of Laboratory Animal Science 1995; 22(1): 18-20

Breazile JE; Kitchell RL. Pain perception in animals. Federation Proceedings 1969; 28: 1379-1382

British Veterinary Association Proceedings of a symposium: the detection and relief of pain in animals. BVA, Animal Welfare Foundation, 7 Mansfield Street, London WlM OAT England, 1985; 101 p.

Flecknell PA. Recognition and alleviation of pain in animals. In Advances in Animal Welfare Science( Fox, MW; Mickley LD editors) Martinus Nijhoff, Dordrecht (Netherlands), 1986, p. 61-77.

Flecknell P. Assessment and alleviation of post-operative pain. Animal Welfare Information Center Newsletter 1997/1998 8(3-4): 8-14.

Guide for the Care And Use of Laboratory Animals: Veterinary Medical Care. National Academy Press. 1996.

Hansen B. Through a glass darkly: using behavior to assess pain. Seminars in Veterinary Medicine and Surgery (small animal) 1997; 12(2): 61-74.

Keefe FJ; Fillingim RB; Williams DA. Behavioral assessment of pain: Nonverbal measures in animals and humans. ILAR News 1991; 33(1-2): 3-13.

Kelf I. Pain is real. Australian Veterinary Journal 1996; 74(4): 334

Kitchell RL. Problems in defining pain and peripheral mechanisms of pain. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 1987; 191(10): 1195-1199

Mama, K. Recent Advances in Injectable Anesthesia for the Small Animal Patient. North American Veterinary Conference 1998 proceedings

Mroczek NS. Recognizing animal suffering and pain. Humane innovations and alternatives 1991; 5: 289-293.

Mroczek NS. Point of View: recognizing animal suffering and pain. Lab Animal 1992; 21(9): 27-31.

National Research Council. Recognition and alleviation of pain and distress in laboratory animals. National Research Council 1992

Rollin B. Animal pain, scientific ideology, and the reappropriation of common sense. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 1987; 191(10): 1222-1226

Short CE. Fundamentals of pain perception in animals. Applied Animal Behaviour Science. (Quimby FW, editor). World Veterinary Association: Ethics, ethology and animal welfare, 1998; 59(1/3): 125-134 Elsevier Science; 1998.

Smith NT. New developments in monitoring animals for evidence of pain control. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 1987; 191(10): 1269-72

Spinelli JS; Markowitz H. Clinical recognition and anticipation of situations likely to induce suffering in animals. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 1987; 191(10): 1216-8

Wright EM; Marcello KL; Watson JF. Animal pain: evaluation and control. Laboratory Animals 1985 14: 20-30.

General Animal Pain/Analgesia Books

Carroll GL. 1998. Pain management for small animals.
Amazon.ca, Amazon US, B&N.com, and Buy.com

Hellebrekers, LJ. 2001. Animal Pain: A Practice-Oriented Approach to Effective Pain Control in Animals
Amazon.ca, Amazon US, Amazon UK, B&N.com, and Buy.com

Kavaliers, M. 1999 Nociception & Pain in Animals. Kluwer Academic Publishers; ISBN 0412134411
Amazon UK,

Short, C. 1992. Animal Pain. 587 pages.
Amazon.ca, Amazon US, Amazon UK, B&N.com, and Buy.com

Seymour, C and Gleed, R. 1999. Manual of Small Animal Anaesthesia and Analgesia. BSAVA. Includes chapter on Anesthesia and Analgesia in Reptiles. Also available from Amazon.ca, Amazon US, Amazon UK, B&N.com, Booksamillion.com, and Buy.com

Tranquilli WJ, Grimm KA and Lamont LA. 2000. Pain Management for the Small Animal Practitioner (Made Easy Series) 125 pages, spiral bound. Book only; Book w/CD; CD only

For articles relating to farm and research animals, please see the Literature on the assessment of animal welfare at Vetinfo.

If you have bibliographic entries and/or abstracts you would like to see added to this bibliography, please send them to me.